https://93it-serverengineer.co.kr/177
dd 명령어를 이용
if 읽기 / of,if=/dev/zero 쓰기 테스트
쓰기 테스트
[root@localhost ~]# time dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/test bs=8k count=1000000
1000000+0 records in
1000000+0 records out
8192000000 bytes (8.2 GB) copied, 8.92194 s, 918 MB/s
real 0m8.924s
user 0m0.151s
sys 0m8.763s
읽기 테스트
[root@localhost ~]# time dd if=/var/test of=/dev/null bs=8k count=1000000
1000000+0 records in
1000000+0 records out
8192000000 bytes (8.2 GB) copied, 9.4147 s, 870 MB/s
real 0m9.420s
user 0m0.153s
sys 0m6.676s
읽기.쓰기 테스트
[root@localhost ~]# time dd if=/var/test of=/tmp/test bs=8k count=1000000
1000000+0 records in
1000000+0 records out
8192000000 bytes (8.2 GB) copied, 17.7223 s, 462 MB/s
real 0m17.727s
user 0m0.209s
sys 0m14.241s
smartctl
smartctl 명령어는 하드디스크 롬에 기록되는 형태이다. 때문에 I/O 에러 발생때문에 write가 잠겨
/var/log/messages 상에 찍히지 않는 I/O에러를 검출하는 목적으로 사용할 수 있다.
CentOS 5/6 은 이미 탑재되어 있는 명령어 이지만 CentOS 7의 경우 아래와 같이 명령어 추가를 한다.
명령어는 작동시간, 부팅횟수, 헤더, 온도, 배드카운터, CRC 에러등등 하드디스크의 모든 종합 정보를 볼수 있다.
클라우드 - 가상디스크는 지원하지 않는다.
일반디스크인데 정보 표기다 되지 않을경우 아래 명령어서 on 시켜줘야 할 수 있다.
apt install -y smartmontools
root@Trans2:~# smartctl -a /dev/sda2
smartctl 7.4 2023-08-01 r5530 [x86_64-linux-6.8.0-51-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-23, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, http://www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Barracuda 2.5 5400
Device Model: ST2000LM015-2E8174
Serial Number: ZDZ2BW8L
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000c50 0b09b515a
Firmware Version: SDM1
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database 7.3/5528
ATA Version is: ACS-3 T13/2161-D revision 3b
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Tue Jan 21 04:36:40 2025 UTC
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x71) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 326) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 080 064 006 Pre-fail Always - 99221568
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 099 098 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 089 089 020 Old_age Always - 11998
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 082 060 045 Pre-fail Always - 4441281122
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 088 088 000 Old_age Always - 10768 (173 100 0)
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 096 096 020 Old_age Always - 4184
184 End-to-End_Error 0x0032 100 100 099 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 097 000 Old_age Always - 279177331116
189 High_Fly_Writes 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 067 047 040 Old_age Always - 33 (Min/Max 25/33)
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 245
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 662
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 370303
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 033 053 000 Old_age Always - 33 (0 12 0 0 0)
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1
240 Head_Flying_Hours 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 4503 (231 172 0)
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 39106916258
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0000 100 253 000 Old_age Offline - 66081398591
254 Free_Fall_Sensor 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 1
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 9484 hours (395 days + 4 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
04 71 03 06 02 0c 40 Device Fault; Error: ABRT 3 sectors at LBA = 0x000c0206 = 786950
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
25 00 08 d8 1e 62 40 00 00:00:30.993 READ DMA EXT
25 00 08 60 f2 00 40 00 00:00:30.990 READ DMA EXT
25 00 08 70 f2 00 40 00 00:00:30.989 READ DMA EXT
25 00 08 f0 1d 62 40 00 00:00:30.982 READ DMA EXT
25 00 08 08 f2 00 40 00 00:00:30.980 READ DMA EXT
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
The above only provides legacy SMART information - try 'smartctl -x' for more
root@Trans2:~#
Raw_Read_Error_Rate
- 디스크 표면으로부터 데이터를 읽는 과정에서 문제가 발생한 경우 (주로 물리적인 충격에서 유발됨) / 정상값은 0
-> 씨게이트 디스크와 WD 구형 디스크는 다르게 해석됨, 48비트 중 상위 16비트가 실재 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 를 나타내며 하위 32비트는 Raw read operation 횟수를 나타냅니다.
하드 디스크가 씨게이트인 경우에는 값이 4,294,967,295 까지는 정상입니다. (WD 구형 디스크 일부 모델도 적용)
Spin_Up_Time
- 플래터 회전이 제로 RPM에서 최대 RPM까지 도달하는데 걸리는 평균 시간
Start_Stop_Count
- 플래터가 회전하고 정지한 횟수
Reallocated_Sector_Ct
- 섹터에 문제가 생겨서 스페어 영역으로 섹터가 이동한 경우이다. 정상적인 경우 0으로 찍혀야한다. 0이 아닌 값이 조회되는 경우 디스크 교체를 검토해야한다.
Seek_Error_Rate
- 자기 헤드가 원하는 데이터가 있는 트랙으로 이동을 실패(검색 오류)한 비율입니다.
주로 하드 디스크의 열 제어 장치의 손상 등에 의해 발생한다. 수치가 낮을 경우 하드 디스크의 표면이나 하드 디스크의 기계적인 시스템에 문제가 있을 수 있다.
Power_On_Hours
- 하드디스크에 전원이 인가된 시간. 공장 출하 상태에서 하드 디스크의 전원인가 시간의 총합 임계값보다 적은 수치는 MTBF(평균 무고장 시간)의 감소를 나타냅니다.
Spin_Retry_Count
- 디스크를 규정 속도까지 스핀 업하려고 시도한 횟수입니다.
Power_Cycle_Count
- 전원 On/Off 횟수
Runtime_Bad_Block
- 일반적인 동작 상황에서 발생하는 에러의 개수
End-to-End_Error
- 종단 interal card의 데이터 경로에서 발생하는 에러
Reported_Uncorrect
- 정정불가능한 에러의 수
Command_Timeout
- 명령어가 수행되는데 걸리는 시간
Power-Off_Retract_Count
- 하드의 헤드(데이터를 읽기 위한)가 플레터(데이터가 저장되는 곳, 동그란 원판)를 벗어난 횟수
Load_Cycle_Count
- 하드의 헤드가 플레터로 진입한 횟수
Temperature_Celsius
- 하드디스크 온도
Current_Pending_Sector
- 준 배드섹터
Offline_Uncorrectable
- 배드섹터, 읽기, 쓰기에 문제가 생긴 섹터. 즉, 디스크 표면이 손상된 케이스. 디스크 교체가 필요함
UDMA_CRC_Error_Count
- CRC 에러 횟수, 하드디스크 인터페이스를 통해 데이터 전송과정에 발생한 CRC 오류 횟수, 케이블 이슈로 인해 발생되므로 케이블 교체가 필요할 수 있음
Reallocated_Event_Count
- 스페어 영역으로 대체된 섹터에서 데이터를 읽은 횟수
Hardware ecc recovered
- ECC 오류 검출로 인해 복구된 횟수
Total_LBAs_Written
- 디스크에 총 write 된 사용량
Total_LBAs_Read
- 디스크에 총 read 된 사용량
root@Trans2:~# smartctl -a /dev/sdb4
smartctl 7.4 2023-08-01 r5530 [x86_64-linux-6.8.0-51-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-23, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, http://www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: M.2 SATA 256GB
Serial Number: CL2024112800170K
Firmware Version: X0104A0
User Capacity: 256,060,514,304 bytes [256 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: M.2
TRIM Command: Available
Device is: Not in smartctl database 7.3/5528
ATA Version is: ACS-2 T13/2015-D revision 3
SATA Version is: SATA 3.2, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Tue Jan 21 04:50:02 2025 UTC
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 120) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x11) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
No Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0002) Does not save SMART data before
entering power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 10) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x0001) SCT Status supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 1
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 65
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 20
160 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
161 Unknown_Attribute 0x0033 100 100 050 Pre-fail Always - 100
163 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 11
164 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 1289
165 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 2
166 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
167 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
168 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 5050
169 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 100
175 Program_Fail_Count_Chip 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
176 Erase_Fail_Count_Chip 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
178 Used_Rsvd_Blk_Cnt_Chip 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 6
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 40
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
232 Available_Reservd_Space 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 100
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0030 100 100 050 Old_age Offline - 1831
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0030 100 100 050 Old_age Offline - 795
245 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 100 050 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
Selective Self-tests/Logging not supported
The above only provides legacy SMART information - try 'smartctl -x' for more
root@Trans2:~#
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